潘金莲传媒映画

In 1951, the ACSreceived a beautifully embossed scroll from Robert P. Dobbie, MD, F潘金莲传媒映画, professor of clinical surgery, University of Buffalo, NY, and attending surgeon, Buffalo General Hospital. Dr. Dobbie was planning to present a framed copy of the scroll, printed with the words of surgeon Guy de Chauliac and titled 鈥淲hat the Surgeon Ought to Be鈥� to young graduating resident surgeons. Expressing his appreciation for the theme鈥檚 鈥渂revity, comprehensiveness, and adequacy, greatly enhanced by its source and the date of its origin,鈥� Dr. Dobbie believed the statement was a potential influence for good, especially among new surgeons.¹

^{鈥淲hat the Surgeon Ought to Be鈥�}

The conditions necessary for the Surgeon are four: First, he should be learned; Second, he should be expert; Third, he must be ingenious; and Fourth, he should be able to adapt himself.

It is required for the First, that the Surgeon should know not only the principles of surgery, but also those of medicine in theory and practice; for the Second, that he should have seen others operate; for the Third, that he should be ingenious, of good judgment and memory to recognize conditions; and for the Fourth, that he be adaptable and able to accommodate himself to circumstances.

Let the Surgeon be bold in all sure things, and fearful in dangerous things; let him avoid all faulty treatments and practices. He ought to be gracious to the sick, considerate to his associates, cautious in his prognostications. Let him be modest, dignified, gentle, pitiful, and merciful; not covetous nor an extortionist of money; but rather let his reward be according to his work, to the means of the patient, to the quality of the issue, and to his own dignity.

Ars Chirurgica

At the ACSBoard of Regents meeting on April 14, 1951, ACSDirector Paul R. Hawley, MD, F潘金莲传媒映画(Hon), and Eleanor K. Grimm, Administrative Executive and Secretary, ACSBoard of Regents, reported on the letter and scroll that Dr. Dobbie sent and his desire to have this statement printed and presented to Junior Candidates of the 潘金莲传媒映画. The Board of Regents looked favorably on this suggestion, and unanimously voted to finance the production of the scroll and present a copy to young surgeons as they became Junior Candidates or Fellows of the ACS(see Figure 1).²

^{A 鈥渇ather of surgery鈥�}

Guy de Chauliac, widely regarded as a 鈥渇ather of surgery,鈥� was a strong advocate for professionalism and nontechnical skills (see photo). His framework of professionalism was based on four domains: being learned, expert, ingenious, and adaptable.3 Born in France in the late 13th century to a poor peasant family, Chauliac was supported by an ecclesiastical scholarship to study medicine. He undertook a fellowship in anatomy under Nicola Bertuccio in Bologna, Italy, and a surgical fellowship in Paris before receiving his master of medicine in 1325 from the University of Montpellier, France. After studying in Bologna and Paris, he began surgical practice, eventually invited to the Papal Court in Avignon, where he served as a physician to three popes.⁴

Chauliac went on to publish听Chirurgia Magna听in 1363, a surgical text drawing on both antiquarian and contemporary thinking from a variety of scholars on anatomy, surgical disease, and treatment. The book is a compilation of medical history, anatomy, the art and science of surgery, personal observations, and recommendations to surgeons and students concerning how surgical operations should be conducted.5 It became the most influential surgical text for more than 200 years, particularly in France. The text was divided into seven sections: anatomy, aposthema, wounds, ulcers, fractures, special diseases, and an antidotary. In addition, Chauliac included a preface on professional requirements for all surgeons, including a piece on the four characteristics of a competent and proficient surgeon. An English translation of those four characteristics was cited by G.H. Murphy, MD, F潘金莲传媒映画, in the听Canadian Medical听Association Journal听in 1951, and is the text used in 鈥淲hat the Surgeon Ought to Be.鈥�⁶

The ACScontinued to print 鈥淲hat the Surgeon Ought to Be鈥� at least through the early 1960s and made prints available for purchase by Fellows of the College. The ACSArchives contains copies of the original print, and the pictured digital version is available through the Archives Catalog by visiting听facs.org/archives.听The College also owns听La Grande听Chirurgie,听a French translation of Chauliac鈥檚听Chirurgia Magna,听circa 1632. This small volume, brought from France in 1918, was presented to the ACSLibrary in 1937 by James D. F. Robertson, MD, F潘金莲传媒映画, of Wilmington, NC.⁷

1. 潘金莲传媒映画. 鈥淲hat the Surgeon Ought To Be.鈥澨�Bull Am Coll Surg. 1951;36(2):122.
2. 潘金莲传媒映画. Board of Regents: Minutes April 14, 1951. Archives of the 潘金莲传媒映画, Chicago, IL.
3. Watters DA. Guy de Chauliac: Preeminent surgeon of the Middle Ages.听ANZ J Surg. 2013;83(4):730-734.
4. Fields A. De Chauliac and the art of surgery.听Angiology.听1955;6(3):277-279.
5. Haller JD. Guy de Chauliac and his听Chirurgia Magna. Surgery.听1964;55(2):337-343.
6. Murphy, GH. The surgery of Guy de Chauliac.听Can Med Assoc J. 1951;65(1):68-71.
7. 潘金莲传媒映画. Library and Department of Literary Research: The human element.听Bull听Am Coll Surg. 1937;22(1):28-30.